Battery state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) are crucial factors that must be estimated to determine a battery’s available capacity and how well it performs compared to when it was new. This is especially important in applications such as e-scooters, where a battery suddenly shutting down or experiencing a failure could result in an accident. This article will introduce battery SOC and...

Battery-powered devices are integral to modern technology, and have revolutionized our ability to take devices with us anywhere and everywhere. Medical devices such as glucose meters and pacemakers allow people to thrive with minimal inconvenience, and devices such as portable power tools and radios can be used to coordinate efforts for disaster relief. In our day-to-day lives, we use battery-powe...

A battery management system (BMS) is made up of a series of electronic devices that monitor and control a battery’s operation. The main elements of a typical BMS are the battery monitor and protector, the fuel gauge, and the main microcontroller (MCU) (see Figure 1). One of the most important parameters for a BMS is the accuracy of its state-of-charge (SOC) estimation. Errors in SOC estimat...

Reliable and affordable energy sources are required to power the economy and meet daily needs. Without these energy sources, economic growth and development stalls. Dependence on foreign sources for energy can also lead to vulnerability to geopolitical conflicts. With ongoing concerns regarding climate change, ensuring energy security has environmental implications as well, with efforts to increas...

Battery-powered applications have become commonplace over the last decade, and such devices require a certain level of protection to ensure safe usage. The battery management system (BMS) monitors the battery and possible fault conditions, preventing the battery from situations in which it can degrade, fade in capacity, or even potentially harm the user or surrounding environment. It is also the r...

When designing a battery management system (BMS), designers can face challenges when obtaining an accurate estimate of the battery’s state-of-charge (SOC), which is the level of a charge a battery has in relation to its capacity. This article is the second of a two-part series discussing SOC estimations. Part I explored the complex application of battery conditions in SOC estimation, as well one ...