Battery-powered applications, which have become indispensable over the last decade, require a certain level of protection to ensure safe use. This safety is provided by the battery management system (BMS). The BMS monitors the battery and possible fault conditions, prevents any hazardous situation due to the battery or its surroundings, and ensures that there is an accurate estimation of the batte...

Battery state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) are crucial factors that must be estimated to determine a battery’s available capacity and how well it performs compared to when it was new. This is especially important in applications such as e-scooters, where a battery suddenly shutting down or experiencing a failure could result in an accident. This article will introduce battery SOC and...

Battery management refers to the critical task of monitoring, protecting, and controlling batteries, particularly with rechargeable battery packs, where many batteries are connected in series or parallel. A battery management system (BMS) consists of a battery monitor, microcontroller (MCU), and fuel gauge. The BMS ensures safe, reliable, and optimal operation by protecting the system and battery,...

Battery-powered devices are integral to modern technology, and have revolutionized our ability to take devices with us anywhere and everywhere. Medical devices such as glucose meters and pacemakers allow people to thrive with minimal inconvenience, and devices such as portable power tools and radios can be used to coordinate efforts for disaster relief. In our day-to-day lives, we use battery-powe...

A battery management system (BMS) is made up of a series of electronic devices that monitor and control a battery’s operation. The main elements of a typical BMS are the battery monitor and protector, the fuel gauge, and the main microcontroller (MCU) (see Figure 1). One of the most important parameters for a BMS is the accuracy of its state-of-charge (SOC) estimation. Errors in SOC estimat...