LiDAR

The specifications of the feedback (FB) voltage resistor divider in DC-DC converters often poses various design challenges, such as determining the required resistance or adjusting parameters (e.g. output voltage, upper divider resistance or lower divider resistance). Figure 1 shows the various magnitude combinations for the FB upper and lower divider resistances. This article examines the ...

Modern life has become more convenient due to battery-powered applications for electric tools, vacuum cleaners, electric bikes, and outdoor power supplies for camping. As wireless charging continues to be more widely used in applications, lithium battery safety is a growing concern, so designers are looking to develop battery monitoring and protection solutions. A battery pack is made up of multi...

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and infotainment system-on-chips (SoCs) are offering increasingly higher computing power, which in turn results in higher power demands. An SoC can require more than 10 different power rails, with currents ranging from hundreds of amperes (A) to a few mA. Crafting an optimal power tree for these applications is not a trivial task. This article will discuss...

Designing the compensation network for buck regulators can be tedious and may require several iterations to optimize the solution. Having an optimized control loop, which can enable fast transient response while maintaining proper stability, has become a major challenge with the emergence of new applications such as ADAS and fast transient response requirements. To address these issues, buck regul...

The high power density requirement and board-level space constraints in modern applications — such as lighting, ADAS, and USB — call for higher integration in buck regulators. There is a trend to integrate MOSFETs and compensation networks inside the chip. This integration of the compensation network’s passive components saves cost, board space, and design iterations. However, it...

There are a wide array of features in a smart car’s cockpit that can enhance driving experience. For example, full LCD central control screens and high-definition displays have made user experience smoother and simpler. With the addition of voice recognition, drivers can make calls and use intelligent navigation. High-quality sound and ambient lighting provide an immersive experience while listeni...

Autonomous driving is one of the most popular trends in the automotive industry. Currently, commercial-level automatic driving remains at the L2/L3 level. Automotive radar technology is gaining momentum as a solution to achieve higher levels of automated driving. With the accurate perception of millimeter-wave radar, cars can autonomously make intelligent judgements and decisions. At 77GHz, mil...

A car’s infotainment system is an on-board, integrated information processing system based on the car’s bus body and internet. Vehicles have become more integrated and modular as consumers continue to raise expectations for driving, car information resources, entertainment, and safety. This trend has introduced new challenges to the research and development of car infotainment systems, particularl...

Engineers often disagree on whether the inductive bottom of DC/DC power supplies should be laid with copper. The first argument is that laying copper under the inductor produces eddy currents on the ground plane. As a result, the eddy current affects the power inductor’s inductance and increases the system loss, and the ground plane noise impacts other high-speed signals. The second argument is th...

As electronic vehicles become more commonplace, electronic control units (ECUs) are becoming the standard, embedded control system for automotive electronics. ECU systems provide safety and functionality — applications using ECUs include anti-lock brakes, four-wheel drive, electronic automatic transmission, active suspension, and airbags. Gradually, the use of ECUs has extended to vehicle body saf...

The switch node of a switching regulator or power converter circuit is a critical conduction path that requires special attention when designing the PCB layout. This circuit node is where one or more power semiconductor switches (such as a MOSFET or diode) connect to a magnetic energy-storing device (such as an inductor or transformer winding). The switching signals of this circuit node contain fa...

An unstable power supply can cause severe system issues, such as audible noise from the passive components, unexpected jittering in the switching frequency, extreme oscillations on the output voltage during load transient events, and failures in the semiconductor switches. While there are various reasons for instability, an un-tuned compensation network accounts for majority of instability issues ...